Normative References

[IEC 61508-1:2010]	IEC 61508-1:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems — Part 1: General requirements
[IEC 61508-2:2010]	IEC 61508-2:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems — Part 2: Requirements for E/E/PE safety-related systems
[IEC 61508-3:2010]	IEC 61508-3:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems — Part 3: Software requirements
[IEC 61508-6:2010]	IEC 61508-6:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems — Part 6: Guidelines on the application of IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-3
[IEC 61508-7:2010]	IEC 61508-7:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems — Part 7: Overview of techniques and measures
[IEC 62304:2015]	IEC 62304:2006/2015, Medical device software — Software life-cycle process, IEC 62304:2006 + IEC 62304:2006/Amd1:2015
[ISO 26262-1:2018]	ISO 26262-1:2018(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 1: Vocabulary. International Standardization Organization.
[ISO 26262-2:2018]	ISO 26262-2:2018(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 2: Management of functional safety. International Standardization Organization.
[ISO 26262-3:2018]	ISO 26262-3:2018(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 3: Concept phase. International Standardization Organization.
[ISO 26262-4:2018]	ISO 26262-3:2018(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 4: Definitions and abbreviations. International Standardization Organization.
[ISO 26262-6:2018]	ISO 26262-6:2018(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 6: Product development at the software level. International Standardization Organization.
[ISO 26262-8:2018]	ISO 26262-8:2018(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 8: Supporting processes. International Standardization Organization.
[IEC 60300-3-1:2003]	IEC 60300-3-1:2003: Dependability management - Part 3-1: Application guide - Analysis techniques for dependability - Guide on methodology. International Standardization Organization.
[ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018]	ISO/IEC/IEEE, "ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 Systems and software engineering — Life cycle processes — Requirements engineering", 2018
[IEEE-1016:2009]	IEEE Computer Society, "IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Systems Design - Software Design Descriptions", 2009
[ISO-42010:2011]	ISO/IEC/IEEE, "International Standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 4210, Systems and software engineering - Architecture description", 2011
[ISO-C11]	ISO/IEC 9899:2011, Programming languages — C, International Organization for Standardization, 2011-2012
[ISO-C++17]	ISO/IEC 14882:2017, Information technology–Programming languages–C++ International Organization for Standardization
[MC1]	MISRA C:1998 Guidelines for the use of the C language in vehicle based software (MC1), ISBN 0-9524156-2-3, MISRA (Motor Industry Software Reliability Association), April 1998
[MC2]	MISRA C:2004 Guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems (MC2), ISBN 0-9524156-3-1, MISRA (Motor Industry Software Reliability Association), October 2004
[MC3]	MISRA C:2012 Guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems (MC3), ISBN 978-1-906400-10-1 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-906400-11-8 (PDF), MISRA Consortium Limited, March 2013
[MC4]	MISRA C:2023 Guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems (MC4), ISBN 978-1-911700-17-3 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-911700-18-0 (PDF), MISRA Consortium Limited, October 2023
[MC5]	MISRA C:2025 Guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems (MC5), ISBN 978-1-911700-19-7 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-911700-20-3 (PDF), MISRA Consortium Limited, March 2025
[MP1]	MISRA C++:2008 Guidelines for the use of C++ language in critical systems ISBN 978-1-906400-03-3 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-906400-04-0 (PDF), MISRA Consortium Limited, June 2008
[MP2]	MISRA C++:2023 Guidelines for the use of C++17 in critical systems ISBN 978-1-911700-10-4 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-911700-11-1 (PDF), MISRA Consortium Limited, October 2023
[BARR-C:2018]	BARR-C:2018 Embedded C Coding Standard, Michael Barr, ISBN-13: 978-1-72112-798-6, Barr Group 2018, PDF version↑
[AUTOSAR14]	AUTOSAR Guidelines for the use of the C++14 language in critical and safety-related systems AUTOSAR AP, Release 19-03, March 2019
[MISRA-Comply]	MISRA Compliance:2020 Achieving compliance with MISRA Coding Guidelines, ISBN 978-1-906400-11-8 (PDF), MIRA Limited, February 2020
[UML2.5:17]	"OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML) Version 2.5.1", document formal/2017-12-05, OMG 2017

Informative References

[PSiCC1:02]	Miro Samek, Practical UML Statecharts in C/C++, CMP Books 2002. https://www.state-machine.com/psicc
[PSiCC2:08]	Miro Samek, Practical UML Statecharts in C/C++, 2nd Edition, Newnes 2008. https://www.state-machine.com/psicc2
[HAZOP:1999]	Felix Redmill, Morris Chudleigh, James Catmur, "System Safety: HAZOP and Software HAZOP" Wiley, 1999, ISBN 978-0471982807.
[FMEA:2017]	Ann Marie Neufelder, "Effective Application of Software Failure Modes Effects Analysis, 2nd Ed." Softrel, LLC, 2017, ISBN 978-1933904801.
[CDE:2022]	Ann Marie Neufelder, "Common Defect Enumeration" Softrel, LLC, 2022.
[EMENDA-HIS]	Hersteller Initiative Software (HIS), https://emenda.com/his
[EXIDA-METRICS]	Software Metrics, https://www.exida.com/blog/software-metrics-iso-26262-iec-61508
[PCLP-25]	Reference Manual for PC-lint Plus Version 2025, A diagnostic facility for C and C++, Vector Informatik↑
[PCLP-Cert]	Using PCLP in Safety Critical Applications Version 2.2, Vector Informatik↑
[QM]	QM Model-Based Design and Code Generation Tool, Quantum Leaps, QM™ Model-Based Design Tool↑
[QPC-MC2]	Application Note: QP/C MISRA-C:2004 Compliance Matrix, Quantum Leaps, PDF version↑
[QPCPP-MP1]	Application Note: QP/C++ MISRA-C++:2008 Compliance Matrix, Quantum Leaps (https://www.state-machine.com/doc/https://www.state-machine.com/doc/AN_QP-Cpp_MISRA.pdf)
[Saks-1998]	Dan Saks, "Programming Pointers - Placing const in Declarations", Embedded Systems Programming, June 1998, PDF version↑
[PSiCC:02]	Miro Samek, Practical Statecharts in C/C++, CMP Books 2002. https://www.state-machine.com/psicc
[Samek:06]	Miro Samek, and Robert Ward, "Build a Super Simple Tasker", Embedded Systems Design, 2006, https://www.state-machine.com/doc/Samek0607.pdf
[Samek:07]	Miro Samek, "Use an MCU's low-power modes in foreground/background systems", Embedded Systems Design, 2007, https://www.state-machine.com/doc/Samek0710.pdf
[ROOM:94]	Bran Selic, Garth Gullekson, Paul T. Ward: Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling, New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1994, ISBN 978-0-471-59917-3
[CODE2:2004]	Steve McConnell, "Code Complete: A practical handbook of software construction, 2nd. Ed." Microsoft Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7356-1967-8.
[DBC:2000]	Bertrand Meyer, "Object-Oriented Software Construction, 2nd. Ed." Pearson College Div. 2000, ISBN 978-0136291558.
[GoF:94]	Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley 1994.
[UML-Dist:04]	Martin Fowler, "UML Distilled, 3rd Edition", Addison-Wesley, 2004
[Lloyd:2009]	Martin H. Lloyd, P. J. Reeve, "IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 Assessments - some Lessons Learned" IEEE Explore, 2009.
[Cummings:10]	David M. Cummings, "Managing Concurrency in Complex Embedded Systems", 2010 Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems. https://www.state-machine.com/doc/Cummings2006.pdf
[Sutter:10]	Herb Sutter, "Prefer Using Active Objects Instead of Naked Threads", Dr.Dobbs Journal, June 2010. https://www.state-machine.com/doc/Sutter2010a.pdf)
[CODE2:04]	Steve McConnell, Code Complete, 2nd Ed, Microsoft Press 2004.
[SRP:90]	Theodore P. Baker, "A Stack-Based Resource Allocation Policy for Realtime Processes", IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, 1990
[OSEK:03]	OSEK/VDX, "Operating System Specification 2.2.1", osek-vdx.org, 2003 https://www.osek-vdx.org/mirror/os221.pdf
[PTS:07]	Rony Ghattas and Alexander G. Dean, "Preemption Threshold Scheduling: Stack Optimality, Enhancements and Analysis", Conference Paper, April 2007
[RMS/RMA:91]	Lui Sha Mark H. Klein John B. Goodenough, "Rate Monotonic Analysis for Real-Time Systems", Technical Report CMU/SEI-91-TR-6 ESD-91-TR-6, 2017 https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/documents/1021/1991_005_001_15923.pdf.
[DMS:91]	N. C. Audsley A. Burns M. F. Richardson A. J. Wellings, "Hard Real-Time Scheduling: The Deadline-Monotonic Approach", 1991 https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ssaewong/research/audsley_DMS.pdf.
[Yiu:14]	Joseph Yiu, "The Definitive Guide to ARM Cortex M3 and Cortex-M4 Processors Third Edition", ARM Ltd., Cambridge, UK, June 2014.
[OOP-C:08]	Quantum Leaps, Object-Oriented Programming in C, https://www.state-machine.com/oop GitHub: Object-Oriented Programming in C↑
[DbC:16]	Quantum Leaps, Key Concept: Design by Contract, https://www.state-machine.com/dbc
[NASA-10:06]	G.J. Holzmann, NASA/JPL Laboratory for Reliable Software "The Power of 10: Rules for Developing Safety-Critical Code", IEEE Computer. 39 (6): 95-99. doi:10.1109/MC.2006
[Pont:2001]	Michael J. Pont, "Patterns for Time-Triggered Embedded Systems: Building Reliable Applications with the 8051 Family of Microcontrollers", Addison-Wesley, 2001. ISBN: 978-0201-33138-7.
[Pont:2017]	Michael J. Pont, "The Engineering of Reliable Embedded Systems 2nd Ed.: Developing software for 'SIL 0' to 'SIL-3' designs using Time-Triggered architectures", SafeTTy Systems Ltd, 2017, ISBN 978-0-9930355-3-1.
[Koopman:2010]	P. Koopman, "Better Embedded System Software", Drumnadrochit Education, 2010, ISBN-13: 978-09844490-0-2.
[Zhou:2019]	Wei Zhou, et al., "Good Motive but Bad Design: Why ARM MPU Has Become an Outcast in Embedded Systems", arXiv:1908.03638v1 [cs.CR] 9 Aug 2019.

Terms, Definitions, & Abbreviations